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Concretising the programming task: a case study in a secondary school
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DOI：10.1016/S0360-1315(02)00101-X.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Empirica Control (EC) is a visual programming platform designed primarily for technology education. Students can use ECs visual tools to construct programs for controlling technological processes or systems, as well as to show graphical representation of program functions on a control flow diagram (flowchart). This means that EC is also a useful tool in learning, programming. EC unifies flow diagrams with concrete semantics: each program structure corresponds to a factual-event in the learner's physical environment, not just as a visual representation on the screen. A teaching experiment for 34 eighth grade (14 years old) students using EC in a learning environment was intended-to promote active, co-operative, and problem-centred learning. The data were gathered by teacher interview, observations during a teaching experiment, a questionnaire with a Likert scale instrument, and a test with open tasks. The results indicate that control technology, as implemented in EC, serves as a useful tool for learning principal elements of programming, like control structures, with minimal teaching effort. However, for more complex structures, teacher intervention is clearly required to achieve advanced outcomes. Thus, EC has suggested an important subject for further research: approaching the balance between, student-centred exploration and teacher-guided instruction in learning environments. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
programming
flowcharting
concrete representation
control technology
secondary school
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