Diffusion-Based AI System for Second Language Reading: Development, Text Quality Validation, and Learner Perception

doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105653

Diffusion-Based AI System for Second Language Reading: Development, Text Quality Validation, and Learner Perception

2026-04-27

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Sangmin‐Michelle Lee *

DOI：10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105653

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Abstract

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• Unlike previous studies on AI-assisted second language (L2) reading that relied on commercial large language models, this study fine-tuned a diffusion-based AI engine and developed an adaptive L2 reading system (2xAI) tailored to Korean English as a foreign language (EFL) middle school contexts. • The linguistic and pedagogical quality of the AI-generated texts was validated through computational analyses and expert teacher evaluations. • Following the classroom implementation of the 2xAI system, learners’ perceptions of usability, appropriateness, and learning support were examined.

Keywords:

AI-assisted language learning

diffusion-based AI

second language reading

adaptive learning system

learner perception

Diffusion-Based AI System for Second Language Reading: Development, Text Quality Validation, and Learner Perception

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