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Goals, standards, and the self: Reference values serving different functions
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DOI：10.1207/S15327957PSPR0603_7.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
We examine reference values used in self-regulation research and identify two functions they fulfill: a standard function and a goal function. The standard function occurs when a reference value represents a desired state for the self in the present whereas the goal function occurs when a reference value represents a desired state for the self in the future. We argue that different factors influence the emotional, motivational, and behavioral outcomes of these functions. The magnitude of any discrepancy with a standard is important, whereas for a goal, the rate of discrepancy reduction, relative to an expected rate, is important. A review of the empirical literature supports these propositions. Consequently, we propose that future research should incorporate our distinction between these two functions.
Keywords:
PERSONAL GOALS
REGULATORY FOCUS
EMOTIONAL VULNERABILITY
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
SOCIAL ROLES
LIFE TASKS
DISCREPANCIES
MOTIVATION
ATTAINMENT
MODEL
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