Multi-label learning for identifying co-occurring class code smells

Mouna Hadj-Kacem

doi:10.1007/s00607-024-01294-x

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Multi-label learning for identifying co-occurring class code smells

2024-05-27

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Mouna Hadj-Kacem *

Nadia Bouassida

DOI：10.1007/s00607-024-01294-x

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Abstract

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Code smell identification is crucial in software maintenance. The existing literature mostly focuses on single code smell identification. However, in practice, a software artefact typically exhibits multiple code smells simultaneously where their diffuseness has been assessed, suggesting that 59% of smelly classes are affected by more than one smell. So to meet this complexity found in real-world projects, we propose a multi-label learning-based approach to identify eight code smells at the class-level, i.e. the most sever software artefacts that need to be prioritized in the refactoring process. In our experiments, we have used 12 algorithms from different multi-label learning methods across 30 open-source Java projects, where significant findings have been presented. We have explored co-occurrences between class code smells and examined the impact of correlations on prediction results. Additionally, we assess multi-label learning methods to compare data adaptation versus algorithm adaptation. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of the Ensemble of Classifier Chains and Binary Relevance in achieving high-performance results.

Keywords:

Multi-label learning

Class code smells

Problem transformation

Algorithm adaptation