Parental responsiveness and punishment in preschoolers’ cooperation and aggression through emotional competencies: A four-wave multilevel study in Taiwan

Chih‐Wen Wu

doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2026.06.009

Parental responsiveness and punishment in preschoolers’ cooperation and aggression through emotional competencies: A four-wave multilevel study in Taiwan

2026-06-25

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Chih‐Wen Wu

DOI：10.1016/j.ecresq.2026.06.009

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• Dynamic parenting shapes changes in preschoolers’ cooperation and aggression. • Analyses disentangle within- and between-person effects through multilevel modeling. • Findings from Taiwan reflect evolving views on discipline and children’s rights. • Parental responsiveness promotes emotional growth and social adjustment across time. • Punitive parenting predicts poorer emotion regulation and more aggressive behavior.

Parental responsiveness and punishment in preschoolers’ cooperation and aggression through emotional competencies: A four-wave multilevel study in Taiwan

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