Topology Optimization-Based Layer Assignment Method for Fixed-Layer Complex PCBs

doi:10.1109/TCPMT.2025.3643187

Topology Optimization-Based Layer Assignment Method for Fixed-Layer Complex PCBs

2026-01-01

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DOI：10.1109/TCPMT.2025.3643187

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In the printed circuit board (PCB) design process, how to meet the layer constraint is crucial for reducing manufacturing costs. Reducing the number of topological crossings is a key factor in layer assignment under fixed layers. Conventional algorithms based on local optimization only consider the escape routing or the area routing region, which are unable to meet the layer constraint. State-of-the-art algorithm simultaneously considers both regions through flexible escape directions to reduce the number of topological crossings, whereas the inconsistency of the evaluation model has the potential to impede further optimization. Therefore, we propose a unified topological evaluation model covering both regions and an optimization method based on a sufficient perturbation mechanism to further reduce the number of topological crossings. To address this issue, we first construct internal and external topological evaluation models separately, then synthesize them into a unified model to further decrease the number of topological crossings, which facilitates the assignment of more nets to the given layers without crossings. Finally, through performing via-insertion on unassigned nets, we further increase the number of assigned nets to meet the layer constraint. Compared to the two-phase approach that employs Yan's layer assignment algorithm, the experimental results show that our proposed integrated method improves the ratio of assigned nets by 18%, while reduces the number of vias by 40.9% on average.

Keywords:

Routing

Pins

Manufacturing

Hands

Evaluation models

Signal integrity

Packaging

Costs

Artificial intelligence

Transforms

Global routing

layer assignment

printed circuit board (PCB)

via minimization

Topology Optimization-Based Layer Assignment Method for Fixed-Layer Complex PCBs

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