Multi-agent based minimal-layer via routing algorithm for PCB design

Cao, Jianhao

doi:10.1016/j.vlsi.2025.102533

Multi-agent based minimal-layer via routing algorithm for PCB design

2025-09-01

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DOI：10.1016/j.vlsi.2025.102533

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In Electronic Design Automation (EDA), the automatic routing of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) is essential for improving design efficiency and enhancing product performance. As electronic devices continue to evolve towards higher performance and miniaturization, PCB design becomes increasingly complex. Developing algorithms that effectively address these intricate routing challenges under constraints has emerged as a focal point of research. This paper introduces, for the first time, the adaptation of the Conflict-Based Search (CBS) algorithm from Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) to PCB routing within the EDA domain. We propose a new routing method, termed the Minimal Layer Via (MLV)-CBS method, which achieves minimal vias while enhancing routing quality and efficiency. This method extends the CBS algorithm from point-to-point to line-to-line and integrates it with existing PCB routing theories. Additionally, we have developed two new strategies to enhance the efficiency of large-scale PCB routing: adaptive heatmap partitioning and congestion-negotiated routing order. Through theoretical analysis and experimental validation, these strategies have been shown to reduce solution times and improve efficiency. Tests on open-source PCB datasets indicate that the MLV-CBS algorithm performs favorably compared to commercial software and other algorithms. These results also provide valuable insights for the automation of PCB routing.

Keywords:

PCB routing

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF)

Minimal layer via

Optimal pathfinding

Multi-agent based minimal-layer via routing algorithm for PCB design

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